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During the 2000s and 2010s, thrash metal had experienced a resurgence, with various modern acts such as Bonded by Blood, Evile, Hatchet, Havok, Municipal Waste and Warbringer, who have all been credited for leading the so-called "thrash metal revival" scene. During that period, some bands either disbanded or moved away from their thrash metal roots and more towards groove metal or alternative metal. The thrash metal genre had declined in popularity by the mid-1990s, with the commercial success of numerous genres such as alternative rock, grunge, and later nu metal. Some of those bands are often credited for helping create, develop and popularize the genre. The genre was commercially successful during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s, with the "Big Four" of thrash metal – Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax – being joined by Exodus, Overkill, Testament and Sepultura, as well as the "Big Four" of German thrash metal: Kreator, Destruction, Sodom and Tankard.

The early thrash metal movement revolved around independent record labels, including Megaforce, Metal Blade, Combat, Roadrunner and Noise, and the underground tape trading industry in both Europe and North America. Philosophically, thrash metal developed as a backlash against both the conservatism of the Reagan Era and the much more moderate, pop-influenced and widely accessible heavy metal subgenre of glam metal which also developed concurrently in the 1980s. The genre emerged in the early 1980s as musicians began fusing the double bass drumming and complex guitar stylings of the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM) with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk. The language is typically direct and denunciatory, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk.

The lyrical subject matter often includes criticism of The Establishment and concern over environmental destruction, and at times shares a disdain for Christian dogma with that of black metal.

The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, overlaid with shredding-style lead guitar work. Thrash metal (or simply thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its overall aggression and often fast tempo.